ABSTRACT
Silat can improve in self-defenses and it can be learned to use in
competing a game which is it involve exciting, fun, and motivating for athlete
(Shapie et al. 2013). The aim of this study was to investigate the activity
profile between winners and losers of Silat Olahraga Male Category A Athletes
in 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015. The games of silat that have
investigated is in category of class A which is over 45-50kg. Four matches are
selected, which are Men’s Class A Quarter-final 1, Quarter-final 2, Semi-final
1 and Final. Many techniques are used during this competition. For example,
punch, kick, topple, sweep, block and many more.
In addition, the notational analysis was used to record
all the selected outcomes to compliment this study such as hit target, hit
elsewhere and miss opponent indicators. The game statistic consists of punch,
kick, topple, block, block and kick, block and punch, block and sweep, fake
kick, fake punch, self-release, catch, dodge and others. Yet it will be
classified on the hit-target, hit-elsewhere and miss target (Shapie, Oliver,
O'Donoghue, & Tong, 2013). The losing team makes less movement than the
winning team. Moreover, the winning team makes the much better movement during
competition. All the raw data collected from the all matches used the system
produced by (Shapie, Oliver, O’Donoghue, & Tong, 2013). The descriptive
analysis was used to determine the difference performance between the winner
and loser in silat match.
INTRODUCTION
The requirement and prescription of training programs for sport
requires an understanding of the physiological requirements of the match.
Various forms of time motion analyses have been used widely to estimate the
nature of specific intermittent high intensity and low intensity activities as
they relate to the energy requirements of team sports (Shapie et al. 2013). Silat
Olahraga, also known as Silat, is a popular combat sport, but little is known
about the sports in terms of sport science of physiological demands and characteristics
(Anuar et al. 1993). A silat match is characterized by high anaerobic and
aerobic metabolic responses. Therefore, specific protocols were developed to
analyze the demands of youth silat competition to allow the identification and
development of suitable silat sport-specific fitness tests which can be used to
track the fitness development and trainability of youth silat performers (Aziz
et al. 2002). Silat is also collective word for native’s martial arts that
begins from Indonesia. Silat is a fighting and survival art combination.
According to Wilson (2003), silat is a form several factors such as education
from a tradition, a self-defense, a spiritual and ritual components and now its
establish as a sport around the world. In Malay dictionary, silat can be
defined as a combination if art and intelligence to perform attack and defense
with a beautiful form. The other source that defines silat is from the word of
kilat (lightning) (Shamsuddin, 2005). Silat traditionally practiced in Southern
Thailand, Singapore, Vietnam, Brunei, Philippines and also Malaysia. Plus, it
has evolved on the African continent, Western countries, the United States and
the Soviet countries. It is widely implemented in the form of art and sports
competitions. Silat is one of the sports included in the Southeast Asian Games
(SEA Games) and other region-wide competitions. The requirement and
prescription of training programmed for sport requires an understanding of the
physiological requirements of the match (Aziz, Tan & The, 2002).
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Match analysis
Based on the Four matches from Men’s Class A were selected to be
the sample or subject. The games include:
1.
Quarter-final 1
(Indonesia Vs Singapore)
2.
Quarter-final 2
(Malaysia Vs Thailand)
3.
Semi-final 1
(Indonesia Vs Philippines)
4.
Final (Indonesia Vs
Vietnam)
Four games were selected to be analyzed by the researcher. The data
analysis has been collected from 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015 Men’s Class A athlete.
The source of match videos was found from YouTube.
By watching the video, the matches have been used to notated and
analyzed in this study. Every match consists of three (3) rounds in total of
fighting. Two (2) minutes for every round, with 1minute rest between each
round. The outcome used is hit target, hit elsewhere and miss opponent. Hit
target will be counted if the kick and topple is made hit the body pad or
target. Hit elsewhere if the kick and topple is made hit the other part of body
that not hit the target or body pad. Meanwhile the miss opponent will be
counted when the kick or topple is made did not hit the opponent. The video has
been notated by Naimah Ayuni binti Mohamed.
Motion categories
Silat exponent’s motions were coded into 14
different types of categories and were defined as follows:
Punch:
·
The punch ‘tumbuk’
attack is done by a hand with a closed fist hitting the target. In silat
punching is often used to fight the opponent. It can be a straight punch
‘tumbuk lurus’ or uppercut ‘sauk’ to the exponent body’s ((Shapie, Oliver,
O'Donoghue, & Tong, 2013).
Kick:
·
The kick ‘tendang /
terajang’ is an attacking movement which is performed with one leg or two legs
simultaneously. A kick can be aimed at any target. It can be front kick
‘tendang depan’, side-kick ‘depak’ or semi-circular side kick ‘tendang lengkar’
(Shapie, Oliver, O'Donoghue, & Tong, 2013).
Block:
·
The blocking
movements begin with the posture position ‘sikap pasang’: the exponent stands
straight with his hands around his body or close to his chest. Blocking or
parrying ‘tangkisan’ can be done using arms, elbows and legs with the purpose
to block off or striking back at any attack (Shapie, Oliver, O'Donoghue, &
Tong, 2013).
Catch:
·
The catch
‘tangkapan’ is done by using the hand to obstruct the opponent from carrying
out an attack. The silat exponent is able to prevent himself from being
attacked by pointing the attack which he has caught to another direction. A
catch which twists or drags the opponent is forbidden. Also, a catch which
could break the part which is being held such as the leg and waist is also
forbidden. These regulations exist to protect the silat exponent’s (Shapie,
Oliver, O'Donoghue, & Tong, 2013).
Topple:
·
There are various
ways of toppling down one’s opponent. For example, a silat exponent ‘pesilat’
can either push, shove the opponent’s back leg from the bag or from the side,
shove, hit, kick, strike or punch to make the opponent lose his balance. Every
fall is considered valid as long as the silat exponent topples his opponent
down without wrestling or he is able to overpower the opponent whom he has
brought down (Shapie, Oliver, O'Donoghue, & Tong, 2013).
Sweep:
·
Swiping ‘sapuan’
involves attacking an opponent’s leg which are on the ground to unstabilise him
and bring down to the ground. A silat exponent can perform this attacking
movement either with his right or left leg, Hence, front sweep ‘sapuan depan’
is done by swinging the leg to the front to push an opponent’s front leg, while
back sweep ‘sapuan belakang’ is carried out by swinging the leg backward to hit
the back leg (Shapie, Oliver, O'Donoghue, & Tong, 2013).
Evade/Dodge:
·
The evade ‘elakan’
technique is carried out by silat exponent when he tries to evade an attack.
This technique does not require the silat exponent to touch the opponent in
fending off the attack. They are many ways of carrying out his defensive
movement such as dodging ‘gelek’, retreat ‘mundur’, evasion to the side ‘elak
sisi’, bending ‘elak serung’, jumping ‘lonjak’, ducking ‘susup’ and etc (Shapie,
Oliver, O'Donoghue, & Tong, 2013).
Self-Release:
·
Self-release ‘lepas
tangkapan’ technique is a technique to unlock any clinch or catch from an
opponent (Shapie, Oliver, O'Donoghue, & Tong, 2013).
Block and Punch:
·
The blocking technique
is used to block any hand or leg attack from the opponent and followed by
counter attack using the hand to punch the opponent (Shapie, Oliver,
O'Donoghue, & Tong, 2013).
Block and Kick:
·
The blocking
technique is used to block any hand or leg attack from the opponent and
followed by counter attack using the leg to kick the opponent (Shapie, Oliver,
O'Donoghue, & Tong, 2013).
Block and Sweep:
·
The blocking
technique is used to block any hand or leg attack from the opponent and
followed by counter attack using sweeping technique to the opponent.
Fake Punch:
·
An action which a
silat exponent intends to confuse the opponent using a fake punch to break his
opponent’s defensive posture (Shapie, Oliver, O'Donoghue, & Tong, 2013).
Fake Kick:
·
An action which a
silat exponent intends to confuse the opponent using a fake kick to break his
opponent defensive posture (Shapie, Oliver, O'Donoghue, & Tong, 2013).
Others:
·
Both silat exponents
are either in posture position ‘sikap pasang’ or coming close to each other
using silat step pattern ‘pola langkah’. All the activities are considered high
intensity except for others which at that time both silat exponents are in low
intensity periods (Shapie, Oliver, O'Donoghue, & Tong, 2013).
Reliability of observation
The author analyzed all the activities and simultaneously
classified each change of motion in a single match. Two observations were done
separated by 48 hours. It requires experienced silat practitioners to analyze
the data as the movement of both exponents is fast, needing close inspection.
The classification of movement was subjective with work being classified
according to the instruction given by the referee.
Statistical Analysis
The observation generated data will be frequency counted. Mean and
standard deviation (SD) for all the marker has been computed to locate the
measurable factors that separated winning and losing group. Statistical
analysis was conducted by using statistical package for social scientist (SPSS).
A chi square test of independence was used to determine if there was a similar
profile of actions performed by the red and blue contestant in the match. An
alpha level of (p<0.05) was taken to show statistical significant.
RESULT
Table 1. Frequency of actions and
outcomes recorded during four silat matches
Actions
|
Outcome
|
|||
Hit Elsewhere
|
Hit Target
|
Miss Opponent
|
Total
|
|
Block
|
1
|
6
|
10
|
17
|
Block and Kick
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
Block and Punch
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Block and Sweep
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Kick
|
40
|
67
|
9
|
116
|
Fake Kick
|
||||
Punch
|
15
|
36
|
12
|
63
|
Fake Punch
|
||||
Self-Release
|
1
|
14
|
2
|
17
|
Topple
|
4
|
15
|
11
|
30
|
Sweep
|
22
|
22
|
29
|
73
|
Catch
|
16
|
26
|
9
|
51
|
Dodge
|
7
|
23
|
1
|
31
|
Total
|
106
|
210
|
83
|
399
|
Table 1
Table 2: Silat Men’s Class A 45-50kg category Quarter-final 1.
o
Singapore vs Indonesia (Indonesia Win)
Action
|
Hit Target
|
Hit Elsewhere
|
Miss Opponent
|
|||
LOSER
|
WINNER
|
LOSER
|
WINNER
|
LOSER
|
WINNER
|
|
Block & Punch
|
||||||
Block & Kick
|
||||||
Block & Sweep
|
||||||
Block
|
7
|
0
|
||||
Kick
|
14
|
15
|
6
|
3
|
0
|
2
|
Fake Kick
|
2
|
1
|
||||
Punch
|
9
|
8
|
5
|
0
|
4
|
3
|
Fake Punch
|
||||||
Topple
|
2
|
3
|
2
|
4
|
||
Catch
|
0
|
5
|
4
|
0
|
||
Dodge
|
0
|
2
|
1
|
0
|
||
Sweep
|
1
|
2
|
0
|
1
|
4
|
9
|
Self-Release
|
||||||
Total
|
26
|
35
|
18
|
5
|
17
|
18
|
61
|
58
|
Table 2
FREQUENCY
PROFILE
EXPONENT
|
PUNCH
|
KICK
|
SWEEP
|
TOPPLE
|
TOTAL
|
WINNER
|
11
|
20
|
12
|
7
|
50
|
LOSER
|
18
|
20
|
5
|
4
|
47
|
Table 3: Silat Men’s Class A 45-50kg category Quarter-final
2.
o
Malaysia Vs Thailand
(Malaysia Win)
Action
|
Hit Target
|
Hit Elsewhere
|
Miss Opponent
|
|||
WINNER
|
LOSER
|
WINNER
|
LOSER
|
WINNER
|
LOSER
|
|
Block
& Punch
|
||||||
Block
& Kick
|
1
|
|||||
Block
& Sweep
|
||||||
Block
|
2
|
3
|
||||
Kick
|
9
|
4
|
4
|
5
|
4
|
2
|
Fake
Kick
|
||||||
Punch
|
6
|
5
|
2
|
3
|
3
|
2
|
Fake
Punch
|
||||||
Topple
|
2
|
3
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
Catch
|
8
|
3
|
2
|
2
|
1
|
|
Dodge
|
6
|
5
|
1
|
|||
Sweep
|
3
|
2
|
2
|
3
|
2
|
|
Self-Release
|
4
|
7
|
1
|
2
|
||
Total
|
40
|
30
|
13
|
15
|
15
|
8
|
68
|
53
|
Table 3
FREQUENCY PROFILE
EXPONENT
|
PUNCH
|
KICK
|
SWEEP
|
TOPPLE
|
TOTAL
|
WINNER
|
11
|
17
|
8
|
6
|
42
|
LOSER
|
10
|
11
|
4
|
8
|
33
|
Table 4: Silat Men’s Class A 45-50kg category Semi-finals.
o
Philippines Vs
Indonesia (Indonesia Win)
Actions
|
Outcome
|
||||||
Hit
target
|
Hit Elsewhere
|
Miss Opponent
|
Total
|
||||
LOSER
|
WINNER
|
LOSER
|
WINNER
|
LOSER
|
WINNER
|
|
|
Block
|
2
|
3
|
|
|
|
|
5
|
Block
and Kick
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Block
and Punch
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Block
and Sweep
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
Kick
|
9
|
7
|
6
|
6
|
4
|
1
|
33
|
Fake
kick
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
Punch
|
2
|
2
|
4
|
|
1
|
|
9
|
Fake
punch
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Self-release
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
Topple
|
|
3
|
|
|
|
1
|
4
|
Sweep
|
1
|
8
|
|
|
5
|
4
|
18
|
Catch
|
|
6
|
|
|
|
|
6
|
Dodge
|
|
3
|
|
|
|
|
3
|
Others
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total
|
15
|
34
|
10
|
6
|
10
|
6
|
81
|
Table 4
FREQUENCY PROFILE
EXPONENT
|
PUNCH
|
KICK
|
SWEEP
|
TOPPLE
|
TOTAL
|
WINNER
|
2
|
16
|
12
|
4
|
34
|
LOSER
|
7
|
19
|
6
|
0
|
32
|
Table 5: Men’s Class A 45-50kg category Finals.
o
Vietnam Vs Indonesia
(Vietnam Win)
Action
|
Hit Target
|
Hit Elsewhere
|
Miss Target
|
Total
|
|||
LOSER
|
WINNER
|
LOSER
|
WINNER
|
LOSER
|
WINNER
|
||
Block
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
2
|
Block and kick
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Block and punch
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Block and sweep
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Kick
|
4
|
4
|
3
|
6
|
1
|
|
18
|
Fake Kick
|
3
|
2
|
|
|
|
|
5
|
Punch
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
1
|
Fake Punch
|
2
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
3
|
Self-release
|
1
|
2
|
|
|
2
|
3
|
8
|
Toople
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
|
1
|
3
|
Sweep
|
4
|
4
|
5
|
9
|
|
3
|
25
|
Catch
|
|
5
|
3
|
1
|
|
|
9
|
Dodge
|
7
|
1
|
3
|
1
|
1
|
|
13
|
Others
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total
|
23
|
20
|
14
|
18
|
4
|
8
|
87
|
Table 5
FREQUENCY PROFILE
EXPONENT
|
PUNCH
|
KICK
|
SWEEP
|
TOPPLE
|
TOTAL
|
LOSER
|
0
|
8
|
9
|
1
|
18
|
WINNER
|
1
|
10
|
16
|
2
|
29
|
DISCUSSION
Silat game is exceptionally intriguing in light of the fact that it
includes an ability that was a mix of hand to hand fighting aptitudes,
battling, and self-protection. The examination past is states that silat
competitors tought to be extraordinary in both kicking and punching yet
punching recurrence is lower than a kicking (Shapie et al., 2013). However,
silat competitors should create punching ability speedier and precise in light
of the fact that punching is the high rate effective of hitting target contrast
with kicking expertise in rivalry (Shapie et al., 2013). Usually, silat
competitor more like to hit opponent by kicking skill contrast with punching
ability. While opponents do kick however it doesn't address the part of the
body, it demonstrates that the opponent is feeling the loss of a kick that does
not give any points to the opponent.
The games of silat that the researcher has been notate and investigated
is in category of class A which is over 45-50kg. Four matches are selected,
which are Men’s Class A Quarter-final 1, Quarter-final 2, Semi-final 1 and Final.
The first quarter final is between Indonesia and Singapore which is Indonesia
won the game. The winner athlete used more in sweep and topple technique than
the loser athlete that made him lost to the winner. Quickness and power of
slower strength are the factors in sweep and topple technique. Besides, the
winner is very good in maintaining his performance while Singapore athlete is
lack of agility movement that unable to block the attacking from the opponent.
Next, the second quarterfinal is between Malaysia and Thailand. Malaysia won
over Thailand because Malaysian athlete has a good and power lower body
strength where he used kicking and sweeping technique to win the game.
Moreover, he is good to make a quick and tricky move in attacking the athlete.
He is able to punch and kick to opponent in the target area as well.
In addition, the third game that the researcher has been notated is
the first semi-final game of male class A category which is Indonesia versus
Philippines. Indonesia won this game because Indonesian athlete is very quick
in making attacking to his opponent. Even though the frequency of punching is
lower than kicking, the high percentage of hitting the target showed that
punching is the most successful action for a silat exponent to get a point in
competition. Therefore, training should aim to develop punching ability and
accuracy. However, it is important to know that any local muscular fatigue
experienced during a match maybe more likely to occur in the lower limbs due to
the large number of kicks performed in a short period of time (Aziz et al. 2002).
Lastly, the researcher notated the final game of male class A category which is
Indonesia versus Vietnam. Vietnam won against Indonesia. Based on the result,
it can conclude that Vietnam athlete has a very good tactical and top
performance during attacking and defending. The tactical used by Vietnamese
silat’s athlete is more on kicking and topple because they are focusing on
getting point even some of round in the match they lose seldom of points.
Moreover, Vietnamese athlete are using wait and attack strategy as we can see
hit target percentage is higher than the miss opponent. Most of the athlete
also like to use avoiding and come back with topple technique.
The winner exponent was using the blocking technique more while receiving
an attack from the loser exponent which in this study was categorized as a kick
technique. Thus, beside from silat techniques the results suggested successful
silat exponents tended to demonstrate high upper body isometric strength
(catch) and power (punch and block) and superior lower body strength and power
(kicks), endurance (repetition of kicks) and speed (kick velocity). Thus, the
need for limb speed for kicking and punching, better co-ordination to evade
strikes and also other factors as aforementioned that influences movement
patterns common to silat competition need to be taken into consideration.
CONCLUSION
Post-event analysis of hand notation indicates that the prototype
system developed for this study can be used to record and evaluate a silat
match. The current study has provided a great understanding of information for
the silat by looking at the activity involved in competition. Both of the
exponents performed more high intensity actions than low intensity actions.
However, it is important to understand that high intensity actions will
contribute more in the score points rather than low intensity actions. There is
also a range of frequency in attacking and defensive activities used by both of
the exponents.
According to the table 1 above, most of the actions that used by
the exponent is kicking, while punch is second most used for the high intensity
activity and others represents low intensity activity. The kicking always used
by the exponent with 116 times kicking and punching is secondly used with 63
times. With many kicking and punches executed, the exponent lacking in blocking,
sweeping, catching techniques, toppling down the opponent, sweeping and dodging
the attack from the opponent. Every match shows a good performance during
match. Accuracy play important role in Silat olahraga. Hit the target will get
more point. While the miss opponent will give advantage to the opponent team
and will give them point to win. What we can see from the video recording men’s
Class A, the athlete tries more kick than use sweep. That action also gives
advantage to the opponent which the opponent will try to sweep. More kick than
use sweep. That action also gives advantage to the opponent which the opponent
will try to sweep.
REFERENCES
·
A.
Wahab. (1989). Silat olahraga: The art, techniques and regulations: Dewan
Bahasa dan
Pustaka Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia.
·
Anuar.
(1993). Silat olahraga (2nd edn.). The art, technique and regulations: Dewan
Bahasa
dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur.
·
Aziz,
A. R., Tan, B., & Teh, K. C. (2002). Physiological responses during matches
and profile
of elite pencak silat exponents. Journal of Sports
Science and Medicine, 1, 147-155.
·
D.
Farrer. (2009). Seni silat haqq melayu: A sufi martial art Shadows of the
prophet (pp. 3-
42): Springer
·
M.
M. Shapie, J. Oliver, P. O’Donoghue, & R. Tong. (2013). Activity profile
during action time
in national silat competition. Journal of
Combat Sports and Martial Arts., 1(2), 81-86.
·
Wilson,
I. D. (2003). The politics of inner power: the practice of Pencak Silat in West
Java (Doctoral dissertation, Murdoch University).
YouTube Links
1.
Pencak
Silat Tanding Men's Class A Final INA vs VIE (Day 9) - 28th SEA Games Singapore
2015 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TogWi7jsKcU&t=25s
2.
Pencak
Silat Men's Tanding Class A Semi-Final PHI vs INA (Day 8) | 28th SEA Games
Singapore 2015 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s5JphsM7YiU
3.
Pencak Silat Tanding Category Indonesia vs
Singapore (Day 6) | 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VdKHSsMioug
APPENDICES
Group Statistics
Table 1
|
Group
|
N
|
Mean
|
Std. Deviation
|
Std. Error Mean
|
Score
|
WINNER
|
3
|
18.0000
|
15.39480
|
8.88819
|
LOSER
|
3
|
20.3333
|
4.93288
|
2.84800
|
Table 1: Silat Men’s
Class A Quarter-Final 1 between Singapore Vs Indonesia (Indonesia Win)
Table 2
|
Group
|
N
|
Mean
|
Std. Deviation
|
Std. Error Mean
|
Score
|
WINNER
|
3
|
7.11
|
3.516
|
.874
|
LOSER
|
3
|
6.4
|
3.323
|
.911
|
Table 2: Silat Men’s Class A Quarter-Final 2 between Malaysia Vs
Thailand (Malaysia Win)
Table 3
|
Group
|
N
|
Mean
|
Std. Deviation
|
Std. Error Mean
|
Score
|
WINNER
|
3
|
8.33
|
9.292
|
5.364
|
LOSER
|
3
|
7.00
|
5.364
|
4.041
|
Table 3: Silat Men’s Class A Semi-Final between Philippines Vs
Indonesia (Indonesia Win)
Table 4
|
Group
|
N
|
Mean
|
Std. Deviation
|
Std. Error Mean
|
Score
|
WINNER
|
3
|
15.333
|
2.4015
|
6.43774
|
LOSER
|
3
|
13.666
|
3.8222
|
9.06652
|
Table 4: Silat Men’s
Class A Final between Vietnam Vs Indonesia (Vietnam Win)